Reverse Engineering For Mac

2020年11月2日
Download: http://gg.gg/muev9
What is Reverse Engineering ?
*Reverse Engineering Machine Learning Models
*Reverse Engineering Machine Learning
Abstract — This paper reverse engineers backoff-based random-access MAC protocols in ad-hoc networks. We show that the contention resolution algorithm in such protocols is implicitly participating in a non-cooperative game. Reverse-engineering is the process of taking a piece of software or hardware, analyzing its functions and information flow and then translating those processes into a human-readable format.
Forward Engineering Vs Reverse Engineering .
Engineering is the profession involved in designing, manufacturing, and maintaining products, systems, and structures. The whole engineering process can be broadly classified in two groups; forward engineering and reverse engineering.
Forward engineering is the traditional process of moving from high-level abstractions and logical designs to the physical implementation of a system.
Definition Of Reverse Engineering .
The process of duplicating an existing component, subassembly, or product, without the aid of drawings, documentation, or computer model is known as reverse engineering.
Reverse engineering can be mainly viewed as the process of analyzing a system to identify its components and their interrelationships, to create representations of it in another form or a higher level of abstraction. An important reason for application of reverse engineering is reduction of product development times. In the intensely competitive global market, manufacturers are constantly seeking new ways to shorten lead-times to market a new product. For example, injection-molding companies must drastically reduce the tool and die development times. By using reverse engineering, a three-dimensional product or model can be quickly captured in digital form, re-modeled, and exported for rapid prototyping/tooling or rapid manufacturing.
Some of the important reasons for the for reverse engineering of a product or part are;
*The original manufacturer of a product no longer produces a product.
*There is inadequate documentation of the original design.
*The original manufacturer no longer exists, but a customer needs the product.
*The original design documentation has been lost or never existed.
*Some bad features of a product need to be designed out. For example, excessive wear might indicate where a product should be improved.
*To strengthen the good features of a product based on long-term usage of the product.
*To analyze the good and bad features of competitors’ product.
*To explore new avenues to improve product performance and features.
*To gain competitive benchmarking methods to understand competitor’s products and develop better products.
*The original CAD model is not sufficient to support modifications or current manufacturing methods.
*To update obsolete materials or antiquated manufacturing processes with more current, less-expensive technologies.Reverse Engineering Process
a. Prediction
*What is the purpose of this product?
*How does it work?
*What market was it designed to appeal to?
*List some of the design objectives for the product.
*List some of the constraints that may have influenced the design.
b. Observation
*How do you think it works?
*How does it meet design objectives (overall)?
*Why is it designed the way it is?
c. Disassemble
*How does it work?
*How is it made?
*How many parts?
*How many moving parts?
*Any surprises?Reverse Engineering Machine Learning Models
d. Analyze
Carefully examine and analyze subsystems (i.e. structural, mechanical, and electrical) and develop annotated sketches that include measurements and notes on components, system design, safety, and controls.
e. Test
*Carefully reassemble the product.
*Operate the device and record observations about its performance in terms of functionality (operational and ergonomic) and projected durability.
f. Documentation
*Inferred design goals
*Inferred constraints
*Design (functionality, form (geometry), and materials)
*Schematic diagrams
*Lists (materials, components, critical components, flaws, successes, etc.)
*Identify any refinements that might enhance the product’s usefulness.
*Upgrades and changes
Reverse Engineering Tools
*Angr- A binary analysis framework focusing on both static and dynamic symbolic analysis.
*Apktool- A tool for reverse engineering Android apk files.
*BinNavi – A tool to assist vulnerability researchers who look for vulnerabilities in disassembled code.
*Binwalk- A tool for analyzing and extracting firmware images.
*Capstone – A lightweight multi-platform, multi-architecture disassembly framework.
*dex2jar- Tools to work with android .dex and java .class files.
*dotPeek-A tool to decompile .NET assembly.
*Frida- A JavaScript injector to explore native applications on Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS and Android.
*ILSpy –A tool to browse and decompile .NET assembly to intermediate language.
*Java Decompiler– A tool to decompile and analyze Java byte code.
*Miasm- A reverse engineering framework in Python.
*Pin- A dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
*QEMU-A generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizer.
*Radare- A portable reversing framework.
*Snowman- A tool to decompile native code to C/C++.Related posts:
Supermicro enforces a vendor-lock in on BIOS updates via IPMI, even though they publish the update files for free here. The only free alternative is to time-travel to 1995 and boot from a DOS disk to supply the update. All other options (including the Supermicro Server Manager) require a license.
They published BIOS updates to address Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities, yet make it almost impossible to actually perform the update. Even if you go their suggested way, buying a key from an authorized Supermicro reseller people on the internet report it’s difficult and time consuming getting them. I was quoted 25 EUR and an estimated 2 weeks delivery time.
You buy a brand new product, it has a known vulnerability and you should pay for the update?! This is simply NOT acceptable. As the owner of my device I shall be free to update it. Therefore, I spent exactly 1 night reverse engineering this thing to figure out the license key algorithm. tl;dr here is the algorithm to generate those license keys:
MAC-SHA1-96(INPUT: MAC address of BMC, SECRET KEY: 85 44 E3 B4 7E CA 58 F9 58 30 43 F8)
Anybody can create the license key on https://cryptii.com/pipes/QiZmdA by typing on the left side (select Bytes) the MAC address of the IPMI (the BMC), select in the middle HMAC and SHA-1, enter the secret key and on the right side the License Key will appear!
This was successfully tested with Supermicro mainboards from 2013-2018. It appears they have not changed the algorithm and use the same “secret”. The first 6 groups go in here:
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Update 1/14/2019: The Twitter user @astraleureka posted this code perl code which is generating the license key:
Update 3/27/2019: There is also Linux shell version that uses openssl:
Update 9/15/2019: Twitter user @zanejchua provided the link https://cryptii.com/pipes/QiZmdA which makes it easier to generate the code.Information about IPMI (skip this if you’re an expert)
The IPMI is a remote management mechanism of servers, embedded in a chip that is separated from the typical resources accessible by the operating system. It allows remote management of servers even when it’s turned off. It’s really useful when your server is not responding and you don’t to want or can’t physically go there to troubleshoot. You can even install an OS via IPMI, start the server & even go into the BIOS. Thanks to HTML5 Supermicro switched away from those old Java applets (anyone developing anything in Java should be banned to a far, far remote island; Java should die in a fire, it’s slow and has 9999 vulnerabilities and on top of that Oracle will go after you for trademark and patent troll reasons even though it’s open source).References that helped
I want to point out previous research work which helped me a lot.Step 1: Download & Extract the Firmware
Supermicro offers the IPMI update files for free on their website. You need to select your mainboard and download the IPMI update file. Among other files it will contain 1 large firmware blob, in this case “REDFISH_X10_366.bin”.Reverse Engineering Machine Learning
The tool binwalk will scan the binary and look for signatures of known formats:
Use a hex editor (such as HxD) to extract the CramFS binaries and store them to new files. It is an embedded compressed Linux file system that contains the files that we are interested in.
Next get a Linux system and mount both files each with this command and then dump all files into a tar file:
Congrats! You now have the actual files of the IPMI system.Step 2: Reverse engineer the interesting files on the IPMI file system
Finding the HTML/JS code that provides the user interface for activation was easy: Use the browser’s built-in developer tools (F12) to look at the code, then look for the same code on the extracted IPMI file system.
As you can see below, the IPMI website (that you visit as system administrator) calls “/cgi/ipmi.cgi” with certain parameters for checking if the key is valid.
Here are the breadcrumbs I followed from the website part:
The response is XML with check set to 0 if invalid and 1 if valid (it’s weird that they do not use JSON instead):
Next, we need to use IDA Pro and open the file “ipmi.cgi” that is stored on the IPMI file system and that we extracted in the previous step. Below you can see the code that handles the license check. By reading this code, you can see how the license is supposed to look like. The first loop is hex-decoding the input, i.e. The text key “1234-00FF-0000-0000-0000-0000” becomes binary (12 bytes) 12 34 00 FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00.
Horror games for mac os. The actual check of the license is done in another file “libipmi.so” which implements the referenced function oob_format_license_activate:
You can see here already the actual license key algorithm referenced – HMAC_SHA1. It is important to notice the 12 in the function call, which means 96 bits. The 96 bits is exactly the length of the key, represented in hex to the end-user.
Interestingly there is a function “oob_format_license_create” which creates the license and is even easier to read. You can see directly the reference to the private keys. “oob” means out-of-band which is OEM talk meaning here remotely purchased license key (though there’s nothing remote about this function).
The Supermicro keys are:
HSDC Private Key: 39 CB 2A 1A 3D 74 8F F1 DE E4 6B 87
OOB Private Key: 85 44 E3 B4 7E CA 58 F9 58 30 43 F8
At the beginning of this blog post it is explained how you can easily use this to create your own Supermicro License Key.
Download: http://gg.gg/muev9

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